About this page

This page will provides quick access to any page on this site, as well as supply refences for any outside work that I have cited on the webpage.

Site Map

Home Fly Tying Trout and Salmon Species Page
Native Trout Fly Fishing Blog Saltwater Flies Chinook Salmon
Articles Chum Baby Coho Salmon
Fly Fishing the Puget Sound Gig Harbor Glow Fly Chum Salmom
  Hot Wire Comet Pink Salmon
  Marabou Clouser Sockeye Salmon
  Midnight Euphausiid Hatchery Strain Rainbow Trout
  Sea Run Bugger Coastal Rainbow Trout
  Sili Shrimp Columbia Basin Redband
  Snot Dart Harney-Malheur Basin Redband
  Salmon and Steelhead Patterns - Streamers Catlow Valley Redband
  Salmon and Steelhead Patterns - Nymphs Warner Lakes Redband
  Steelie John Goose Lake Redband
  Trout Patterns - Nymphs Chewaucan Basin Redband
  Lightning Bug Fort Rock Basin Redband
  Trout Patterns - Dries Klamath Basin Redband
  Hot-Butt Dropper Caddis McCloud River Redband
  Trout Patterns -Streamers California Golden Trout
    Kern River Rainbow Trout
    Little Kern Golden Trout
    Gila Trout
    Apache Trout
    Coastal Cutthroat Trout
    Westslope Cutthroat Trout
    Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout
    Lahontan Cutthroat Trout
    Snake River Finespotted Cutthroat Trout
    Humboldt Cutthroat
    Bonneville Cutthroat
    Alvord Cutthroat
    Colorado River Cutthroat
    Whitehorse Basin Cutthroat
    Greenback Cutthroat
    Paiute Cutthroat
    Rio Grande Cutthroat
    Atlantic Salmon
    Brown Trout
    Bull Trout
    Southern Dolly Varden
    Brook Trout

 

Salmonid Terminology

Adfluvial: A migratory life history, where the fish makes use of a lake for growth then migrates to a stream to spawn.

Alevin: A life stage of salmonid, where the fish has yet to fully absorb its yolk sac.

Anadromous: A migratory life history in which the fish migrate to the marine environment, then return to freshwater to spawn.

Agonistic Behavior: Aggressive or threatening behavior typically directed at another fish, often used to settle territorial disputes

Anthropogenic: Human caused issues

Benthic: An organism that lives at or near the bottom of a water body

Caudal Fin: The tail fin of a fish

Caudal Peduncle: The narrow part of a fish just in front of the tail fin

ESA: Endangered Species Act

ESU: Evolutionary Significant Unit

Eutrophic: A very nutrient rich body of water. This term typically applies to lakes and is often associated with problematic algae blooms and oxygen depletion in the bottom waters

Fluvial: A migratory population that makes use of a river for growth, then migrates to a smaller stream to spawn

Fry: An early life stage of a fish soon after emerging from the gravel

Grilse: An Atlatnic salmon that returns after a single year at sea.

Guanine: A compound in the skin of salmonids that results in the silvery coloration common to the marine and lacustrine portions of the lifecycle of certain salmonids.

Hybrid: An offspring of two different species or subspecies of fish Kype: The hook like jaw developed by some sexually mature male salmonids

Iteroparous: A fish with the ability to spawn multiple times

Lacustrine: Lake dwelling

Lateral Line: A sensory system running along the side of a fish, is typically used to detect movement and objects in the water

Natal: Birth place

NOAA: National Oceanographic and Atmosphere Administration

Parr: A life stage in a sea-run salmonid prior to smolting and migrating to the marine environment

Semelparous: A fish that dies after a single spawning event

Smolt: A juvenile sea-run salmonid that has begun its migration downstream and to the sea. This stage is characterized by a lose of parr marks and transition to a more silvery coloration.

Redd: The nest or place were some salmonids lay their eggs.

 

References

ADFG. 2006. Southcentral Alaska wild Dolly Varden. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, AK.

Al-Chokhachy, R. and P. Budy. 2007. Summer microhabitat use of fluvial bull trout in eastern Oregon streams. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 27:1068–1081.

Andrew, J.H. 1975. Habitat shifts and behavioural interactions between sympatric and experimentally allopatric cutthroat and Dolly Varden char. Master's Thesis. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Armstrong, R.H. 1970. Age, food, and migration of Dolly Varden smolts in Southeastern Alaska. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 27(6): 991-1004.

Armstrong, R.H. 1974. Migration of anadromous Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) in Southeastern Alaska. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 31(4): 435-444.

Armstrong, R.H. and S.T. Elliott. 1972. A study of Dolly Varden in Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Federal Aid in Fish Restoration, Annual Progress Report, 1971-1972, Project F-9-4-13:1-34.

Armstrong, R.H. and Hermans, M. 2000. Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma). Southeast Alaska Conservation Assessment - Chapter 8.8, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK.

Augerot, X., Foley, D.N., Steinback, C., Fuller, A., Fobes, N., Spencer, K. 2005. Atlas of Pacific Salmon: The First Map-Based Status Assessment of Salmon in the North Pacific. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Baxter, C.V. and Hauer, F.R. 2000. Geomorphology, hyporheic exchange, and selection of spawning habitat by bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57(7): 1470-1481.

BCMOF (British Columbia Columbia Ministry of Fisheries). 2012. B.C. fish facts: Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma). Retrieved from: http://www.gofishbc.com/documents/pdf/fish-facts/Dolly_Varden.pdf

Beacham, T.D. and Murray, C.B. 1990. Temperature, egg size, and development of embryos and alevins of five species of Pacific salmon: A comparative analysis. Transactions of the North American Fisheries Society 119: 927-945

Beacham, T.D. and Murray, C.B. 1993. Fecundity and egg size variation in North American Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus). Journal of Fisheries Biology 42: 485-508.

Beacham, T.D., Withler, R.E., Murray, C.B., and Barner, L.W. 1988. Variation in body size, morphology, egg size, and biochemical genetics of pink salmon in British Columbia. Transactions of the North American Fisheries Society 117(2): 109-126

Beauchamp, D.A. and Van Tassell, J.J. 1999. Modeling seasonal trophic interactions of adfluvial bull trout in Lake Billy Chinook, Oregon. Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project, FERC No. 2030. Portland General Electric Company, Portland, OR.

Beamer, E. 2007. Juvenile salmon and nearshore fish use in shoreline and lagoon habitat associated with Ala Spit, 2007.Skagit River System Cooperative, LaConner, WA.

Bellerud, B.L., Gunckel, S., Hemmingsen, A.R., Buchanan, D.V. and Howell, P.J. 1997. Bull trout life history, genetics, habitat needs, and limiting factors in Central and Northeast Oregon. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, OR. Project Number 95-54

Blackett, R.F. 1968. Spawning behavior, fecundity and early life history of anadromous Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma (Walbaum) in Southeastern Alaska. Alaska Department. of Fish and Game Research Report 6:1-85.

Blanchfield, P.J. and Ridgway, M.S. 1997. Reproductive timing and use of redd sites by lake-spawning brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54: 747-756.

Brenkman, S.J., Larson, G.L. and Gresswell, R.E. 2001. Spawning migration of lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout in a natural area. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:981–987.

Brenkman, S.J. and Corbett, S.C. 2005. Extent of anadromy in bull trout and implications for conservation of a threatened species. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25:1073–1081.

Brenkman, S.J., Corbett, S.C. and Volk, E.C. 2007. Use of otolith chemistry and radiotelemetry to determine age-specific migratory patterns of anadromous bull trout in the Hoh River, Washington. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 136:1–11

Bryant, M.D., Zymonas, N.D. and Wright, B.E. 2004. Salmonids on the fringe: abundance, species composition, and habitat use of salmonids in high-gradient headwater streams Southeast Alaska. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133(6): 1529-1538.

Caldwell, D.W. 2003. The isolation of landlocked salmon in Maine and Quebec near the end of the last ice age. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 35(6):607

Connecticut River Salmon Association (CRSA). 2011. Connecticut weekly diadromous fish report. Retrieved July 9th 2011, from: http://www.ctriversalmon.org/runs_2011/7-07-2011.pdf

CRS. 1998. 98-32:Endangered Species List Revisions: A Summary of Delisting and Downlisting. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington D.C.

Curry, R.A., Van de Sande, J. and Whriskey Jr., F.G. 2006. Temporal and spatial habitats of anadromous brook charr in the Laval River and its estuary. Environmental Biology of Fish 76:361-370.

Danie, D.S., Trial, J.G. and Stanley, J.G. 1984. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fish and invertebrates (North Atlantic) Atlantic salmon. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington D.C.

Dolloff, C.A. 1986. Effects of stream cleaning on juvenile coho salmon and Dolly Varden in Southeast Alaska. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115(5) 743-755.

Donald, D.B. and Alger, D.J. 1993. Geographic distribution, species displacement, and niche overlap for lake trout and bull trout in mountain lakes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71(2): 238–247.

Downs, C.C., Horan, D., Morgan-Harris, E. and Jakubowski, R. 2006. Spawning demographics and juvenile dispersal of an adfluvial bull trout population in Trestle Creek, Idaho. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 26:190–200.

DuPont, J.M., Brown, R.S. and Geist, D.R. 2007. Unique allacustrine migration patterns of a bull trout population in the Pend Oreille River drainage, Idaho. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 27(4): 1268-1275.

Elliott, S.T. 1986. Reduction of a Dolly Varden population and macrobenthos after removal of logging debris. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 115(3): 392-400.

Fairchild, W.L., Swansburg, E.O., Arsenault, J.T. and Brown, S.B. 1999. Does an association between pesticide use and subsequent declines in catch of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) represent a case of endocrine disruption? Environmental Health Perspectives 107(5):349-357.

Fish. M.A. 2004. Taxonomy, ecology and life history of bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus (Suckley). University of California, Davis, California.

Fleming, I.A. 1996. Reproductie strategies of Atlantic salmon: ecology and evolution. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 6: 379-416.

Foerster, R.E. 1968. The sockeye salmon. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin. 162. Ottawa. 422 p.

Fraley, J.J. and Shepard, B.B. 1989. Life history, ecology and population status of migratory bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Flathead Lake and River system, Montana. Northwest Science 63(4): 133-143.

Friedland K.D., Reddin, D.G. and Kocik, J.F. 1993. Marine survival of North American and European Atlantic salmon: effects of growth and environment. Journal of Marine Science 50: 481- 492.

Gibson R.J., Williams D. D., McGowam C. and Davidson W.S. 1996. The ecology of dwarf fluvial Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., cohabiting brook trout, Salvelius fontinalis (Mitchill), in southweastern Newfoundland, Canada. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii 43(2): 145-166.

Gibson, J. and Haedrich, R. 2006. Life history tactics of Atlantic salmon in Newfoundland. Freshwater Forum 26: 38-45.

Goetz, F. A., E. Jeanes, and E. M. Beamer. 2004. Bull trout in the nearshore: preliminary draft report. U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Seattle, Washington.

Gorman, O.T., Moore, S.A., Carlson A.J. and Quinlan, H.R. 2008. Nearshore habitat and fish community associations of coaster brook trout in Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137(4): 1252-1267.

Gunckel, S.L., Hemmingsen, A.R. and Li, J.L. 2002. Effect of bull trout and brook trout interactions on foraging habitat, feeding behavior, and growth. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131:1119–1130.

Haner, P.V., Faler, J.C., Schrock, R.M., Rondorf, D.W., and Maule, A.G. 1995. Skin reflectance as a nonlethal measure of smoltification for juvenile salmonids. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15: 814-822.

Lagler, K.F. and Wright, A.T. 1962. Predation of the Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma, on young salmons, Oncorhynchus spp., in an estuary of Southeastern Alaska. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 91(1): 90-93.

LeBrasseur, R.J. 1966. Stomach contents of salmon and steelhead trout in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 23: 85-100.

Levy, D.A. and Northcote, T.G. 1982. Juvenile salmon residency in a marsh area of the Fraser River estuary. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39 (2): 270-276.

Lichatowich, J. 1999. Salmon Without Rivers. Island Press, Washington D.C.

Manzer,J.I. 1968. Food of Pacific salmon and steelhead trout in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25: 1085-1089

Mookerji, N., Weng, Z. and Mazumder, A. 2004. Food partitioning between coexisting Atlantic salmon and brook trout in the Sainte-Marguerite River ecosystem, Quebec. Journal of Fish Biology 64: 680–694.

Morninville, G.R. and Rasmussen, J.B. 2006. Marine feeding patterns of anadromous brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) inhabiting an estuarine river fjord. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63: 2011-2027.

Moyle, P.B., Israel, J.A. and Purdy, S.E. 2008. SOS: California's native fish crisis: Status of and solutions for restoring our vital salmon, steelhead and trout populations. California Trout, San Francisco, CA.

Mucha, J.M. and Mackereth, R.W. 2008. Habitat use and movement patterns of brook trout in Nipigon Bay, Lake Superior. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 137(4): 1203-1212

Muir, W.D., S.G. Smith, J.G. Williams and E.E. Hockersmith. 2001. Survival estimates for migrant yearling chinook salmon and steelhead tagged with passive integrated transponders in the lower Snake and lower Columbia Rivers, 1993-1998. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21: 269-282.

Mullan, J.W. 1975. Condition (K) as indicative of non-suitability of Snake River cutthroat in the management of high gradient, low diversity streams. Proceedings of the Western Association of State Fish and Game Commissioners 55: 267-274.

Naiman, R.J., McCormick, S.D., Montgomery, W.L. and Morin, R. 1987. Anadromous brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis: opportunities and constraints for population enhancement. Marine Fisheries Review 49(4):1-13.

National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Marine Fisheries Service. (2007). Chinook Salmon. Retrieved Aug. 10, 2007, from http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Chinook/Index.cfm

National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Marine Fisheries Service. (2007). Chum Salmon. Retrieved Aug. 18, 2007, from http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Chum/Index.cfm

National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Marine Fisheries Service. (2007). Coho Salmon. Retrieved Aug. 12, 2007, from http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Coho/Index.cfm

National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Marine Fisheries Service. (2007). Pink Salmon. Retrieved May 5, 2008, from http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Pink/Index.cfm

National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Marine Fisheries Service. (2007). Sockeye Salmon. Retrieved May 5, 2008, from http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Sockeye/Index.cfm

National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Marine Fisheries Service. (2007). Steelhead. Retrieved May 5, 2008, from http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Steelhead/Index.cfm

North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization. 2011. Management of salmon fisheries. Retrieved July 7th 2011 from, http://www.nasco.int/fisheries.html

NMFS and USFWS. 2005. Final recovery plan for the Gulf of Maine distinctpopulation segment of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Springs, MD and United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, MA.

Prosek, J. 1998. Trout an Illustrated History. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

Quinn, T. 2005. The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

Selong, J.H., McMahon, T.E., Zale, A.V. and Barrows, F.T. 2001. Effect of temperature on growth and survival of bull trout, with application of an improved method for determining thermal tolerance in fishes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:1026–1037.

Smith, H.A. and Slaney, P.A. 1980. Age, growth, survival and habitat of anadromous Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) in the Keogh River, British Columbia. Ministry of Environment, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Fisheries Management Report No. 76.

Stapp, P. and Hayward, G.D. 2002. Effects of an introduced piscivore on native trout: insights from a demographic model. Biological Invasions 4: 299-316.

Taylor, E.B., Foote, C.J., and Wood, C.C. 1996. Molecular genetic evidence for parallel life-history evolution within a Pacific salmon (sockeye and kokanee, Oncorhynchus nerka). Evolution 50(1): 401-416.

Teel, D.J., G.B. Milner, G.A. Winans and W.S. Grant. 2000. Genetic population structure and origin of life history types in Chinook salmon in British Columbia, Canada. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129:194-209.

Trout. 2007. Salmon undammed. Trout Unlimited Spring 2007: 16-23.

Unwin, M.J., M.T. Kinnison and T.P. Quinn. 1999. Exceptions to semelparity postmaturation survival, morphology, and energetics of male Chinook salmon. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56 (7): 1172-1181.

Utter, F. M., D.W. Chapman and A.R. Marshall. 1995. Genetic population structure and history of Chinook salmon of the upper Columbia River. American Fisheries Society Symposium 17: 149-165.

VFW. 2007. Vermont wildlife fact sheet: Landlocked salmon (Salmo salar). Vermont Fish and Wildlife, Waterbury, VT.

White, H. C. 1940. Life-history of sea running brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, of the Moser River, Nova Scotia. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 5:176-186.

White, H.C. 1942. Sea life of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 5:471-473.

Zimmerman, M. and Kinsel, C. 2010. Migration of anadromous juvenile bull trout in the Skagit River, 1990-2009. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA.

Zoellick, B. W. 1999. Stream temperatures and the elevational distribution of redband trout in southwestern Idaho. Great Basin Naturalist 59(2):136-143.